30 research outputs found
Nuclear Power as an Option in Electrical Generation Planning for Small Economy and Electricity Grid
Implementing a NPP in countries with relatively small total GDP (small economy) and
usually with small electricity grid face two major problems and constrains: the ability to obtain the
considerable financial resources required on reasonable terms and to connect large NPP to small
electricity grid.
Nuclear generation financing in developing countries involves complex issues that need to be
fully understood and dealt with by all the parties involved. Besides conventional approaches for
financing power generation projects in developing countries, recently some alternative approaches
for mobilizing financial resources are developed.
The safe and economic operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP) requires the plant to be
connected to an electrical grid system that has adequate capacity for exporting the power from the
NPP, and for providing a reliable electrical supply to the NPP for safe start-up, operation and
normal or emergency shut-down of the plant. Connection of any large new power plant to the
electrical grid system in a country may require significant modification and strengthening of the
grid system, but for NPPs there may be added requirements to the structure of the grid system and
the way it is controlled and maintained to ensure adequate reliability.
Paper shows the comparative assesment of NPP adn differrent base load technologies as an
option in electrical generation planning for small economy and electricity gri
FROM MARKET UNCERTAINTY TO POLICY UNCERTAINTY FOR INVESTMENT IN POWER GENERATION: REAL OPTIONS FOR NPP ON ELECTRICITY MARKET
In the electricity sector, market participants must make decisions about
capacity choice in a situation of radical uncertainty about future market conditions.
Sector is characterized by non-storability and periodic and stochastic demand
fluctuations. Capacity determination is a decision for the long term, whereas
production is adjusted in the short run. Paper looks on the main contributions in
investment planning under uncertainty, in particular in the electricity market for
capital intensive investments like NPP. The relationship between market and nonmarket
factors (recent UK policy example) in determining investment signals in
competitive electricity markets was analysed. Paper analyse the ability of
competitive electricity markets to deliver the desired quantity and type of
generation capacity and also investigates the variety of market imperfections
operating in electricity generation and their impact on long-term dynamics for
generation capacity. Paper analyses how price formation influences investment
signals. Number of factors (including market power, wholesale price volatility, lack
Ž. Tomšić, From market uncertainty to policy uncertainty for investment in power generation: real options for NPP on electricity market, Journal of
Energy, vol. 64 (2015) Special Issue, p. 178-197
of liquidity in the wholesale and financial market, policy and regulatory risks etc.)
contribute to polluting the price signal and generating sub-optimal behaviour
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEASURE FOR MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
Urban heat islands (UHI) represent increase of temperature inside of cities in
regard to their rural environment. Causes of their formation are diverse and
multiple: reduced amount of vegetation and waterproofing of surfaces, changed
radiation and thermal characteristics of materials, urban geometry. Consequences
are also diverse and significant: increasing consumption of energy for cooling,
negative impact on human health, deterioration of air quality. Conventional
methods for mitigating their impact include reflective and green roofs and
introduction of green and water surfaces in cities. Different renewable energy
technologies can also have positive impact on urban heat islands, but at the same
time they contribute to greater energy independency of cities what is goal of future
urban development. Proposed and described technologies are solar cooling, groundair
heat exchanger, passive cooling, solar pond
INTRODUCTION
This special issue of the Journal of Energy is dedicated to the establishment of today
the Department for Energy and Power Systems (ZVNE), University of Zagreb Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Computing in 1934. in that time the High Voltage
Department as part of the Technical Faculty. For this reason, the history of the Department
for Energy and Power Systems is presented in the introductory article, while the
other articles are part of a broad scientific and professional work of the employees of the
Department and some of the articles were created in wide cooperation with experts from the
companies, that graduated from the Department.
Journal of Energy special issue: present 17 papers selected for publication in Journal of
Energy after having undergone the peer review process. We would like to thank the authors
for their contributions and the reviewers who dedicated their valuable time in selecting and
reviewing these papers. We hope this special issue will provide you valuable information of
some achievements at Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
and Computing.
Short introduction of scientific and expert work of the Department for Energy and Power
Systems (ZVNE):
Besides educational energy related programmes for undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate
students, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER SYSTEMS has been actively involved
for many years in many scientific and expert studies. Studies on scientific projects include
collaboration with industry, national institutions, electric utilities, and many foreign universities.
The Department has developed valuable international cooperation with many research institutions
around the world, either directly or through inter-university cooperation.
The Department is the leading institution in the field of electrical power engineering in the
region, it has a long lasting cooperation with the economic sector, and it is recognized for
its scientific activities and a large number of published scientific papers in globally relevant
journals, as well as numerous national and international scientific projects.
Main Department areas of activities are:
a) Power Engineering and Power Technologies,
b) Energy, Environment, Energy Management and
c) Nuclear Power Engineering
In Power Systems Engineering the research is focused to development of both fundamental
knowledge and applications of electrical power engineering. The research is generally directed
to increasing the availability and the reliability of a power system with an emphasis on the
adjustment to the open market environment. Specific goals include: improving models and
methodologies for power system analysis, operation and control; development, production
and application of models and methodologies for power systems planning, maintenance and
development; application of soft-computing (artificial intelligence, meta-heuristics, etc.), information
technologies (web-oriented technologies, geographic information systems, enterprise
IT solutions, etc.) and operational research in improving processes of planning, development,
exploitation and control of power systems; investigation on applications for coordinated control
of power system devices and exploring the power system stability, security and economic
operation; integration of intelligent devices and agents in energy management systems
and distribution management systems equipment and software; advanced modelling of
dynamics, disturbances and transient phenomena in transmission and distribution networks
(in particular regarding distributed generation); advances in fault detection, restoration and
outage management. The researches also cover high voltage engineering. At time of global
changes in the energy sector, with emphasis on sustainable development, significant efforts
are devoted to liberalization efforts, facilities revitalization, improved legislation and adoption
of new standards.
In area of Power Technologies, Energy and Environment, Energy Management the main
framework for the research are: sustainable electricity generation on a liberalized market, modelling
ETS and electricity market; energy security and climate change; power system optimization
with emission trading; rational use of energy and energy savings; energy management
in industry and buildings; energy conservation and energy auditing in industry and buildings.
General objective of the research is to develop methodologies for quantitative assessment
of the environmental impact of applicable energy technologies (electric power producing
plants and their technology chains), as a base for estimating optimal long-term development
strategy of the Croatian power system. Research work includes new strategies of energy
sector and power system development; preparing medium and long-term electricity generation
expansion plan for power system; comparison of energy, economic and environmental
characteristics of different options for electric
power generation; studies for rational use of energy and energy savings, assuming a centralized
structure of the electricity market. Research work also includes renewable energy sources
and its role in power sector, as well as electricity production considering cap on CO2 emissions.
Research covers development of new models for power system generation optimization
and planning under uncertainties on the open electricity market. The goal of that research is
to create analytical and software tools which will enable a successful transition to liberalized
electricity market and ensure healthy and efficient power system operation in compliance with
environmental requirements.
In the Nuclear Energy Field research cover nuclear physics reactor theory, nuclear power
plants. fuel cycles and reactors materials and general objective of the research is to develop
methodologies for reliable assessment of nuclear power plants operational safety. In the
nuclear energy field the specific analysis cover calculations of transients and consequences
of potential accidents in NPP Krško. In the field of safety analyses of nuclear power plants the
research activities are oriented to the mathematical modelling of nuclear power plant systems
and components
INTRODUCTION
This special issue of the Journal of Energy is dedicated to the establishment of today
the Department for Energy and Power Systems (ZVNE), University of Zagreb Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Computing in 1934. in that time the High Voltage
Department as part of the Technical Faculty. For this reason, the history of the Department
for Energy and Power Systems is presented in the introductory article, while the
other articles are part of a broad scientific and professional work of the employees of the
Department and some of the articles were created in wide cooperation with experts from the
companies, that graduated from the Department.
Journal of Energy special issue: present 17 papers selected for publication in Journal of
Energy after having undergone the peer review process. We would like to thank the authors
for their contributions and the reviewers who dedicated their valuable time in selecting and
reviewing these papers. We hope this special issue will provide you valuable information of
some achievements at Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
and Computing.
Short introduction of scientific and expert work of the Department for Energy and Power
Systems (ZVNE):
Besides educational energy related programmes for undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate
students, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER SYSTEMS has been actively involved
for many years in many scientific and expert studies. Studies on scientific projects include
collaboration with industry, national institutions, electric utilities, and many foreign universities.
The Department has developed valuable international cooperation with many research institutions
around the world, either directly or through inter-university cooperation.
The Department is the leading institution in the field of electrical power engineering in the
region, it has a long lasting cooperation with the economic sector, and it is recognized for
its scientific activities and a large number of published scientific papers in globally relevant
journals, as well as numerous national and international scientific projects.
Main Department areas of activities are:
a) Power Engineering and Power Technologies,
b) Energy, Environment, Energy Management and
c) Nuclear Power Engineering
In Power Systems Engineering the research is focused to development of both fundamental
knowledge and applications of electrical power engineering. The research is generally directed
to increasing the availability and the reliability of a power system with an emphasis on the
adjustment to the open market environment. Specific goals include: improving models and
methodologies for power system analysis, operation and control; development, production
and application of models and methodologies for power systems planning, maintenance and
development; application of soft-computing (artificial intelligence, meta-heuristics, etc.), information
technologies (web-oriented technologies, geographic information systems, enterprise
IT solutions, etc.) and operational research in improving processes of planning, development,
exploitation and control of power systems; investigation on applications for coordinated control
of power system devices and exploring the power system stability, security and economic
operation; integration of intelligent devices and agents in energy management systems
and distribution management systems equipment and software; advanced modelling of
dynamics, disturbances and transient phenomena in transmission and distribution networks
(in particular regarding distributed generation); advances in fault detection, restoration and
outage management. The researches also cover high voltage engineering. At time of global
changes in the energy sector, with emphasis on sustainable development, significant efforts
are devoted to liberalization efforts, facilities revitalization, improved legislation and adoption
of new standards.
In area of Power Technologies, Energy and Environment, Energy Management the main
framework for the research are: sustainable electricity generation on a liberalized market, modelling
ETS and electricity market; energy security and climate change; power system optimization
with emission trading; rational use of energy and energy savings; energy management
in industry and buildings; energy conservation and energy auditing in industry and buildings.
General objective of the research is to develop methodologies for quantitative assessment
of the environmental impact of applicable energy technologies (electric power producing
plants and their technology chains), as a base for estimating optimal long-term development
strategy of the Croatian power system. Research work includes new strategies of energy
sector and power system development; preparing medium and long-term electricity generation
expansion plan for power system; comparison of energy, economic and environmental
characteristics of different options for electric
power generation; studies for rational use of energy and energy savings, assuming a centralized
structure of the electricity market. Research work also includes renewable energy sources
and its role in power sector, as well as electricity production considering cap on CO2 emissions.
Research covers development of new models for power system generation optimization
and planning under uncertainties on the open electricity market. The goal of that research is
to create analytical and software tools which will enable a successful transition to liberalized
electricity market and ensure healthy and efficient power system operation in compliance with
environmental requirements.
In the Nuclear Energy Field research cover nuclear physics reactor theory, nuclear power
plants. fuel cycles and reactors materials and general objective of the research is to develop
methodologies for reliable assessment of nuclear power plants operational safety. In the
nuclear energy field the specific analysis cover calculations of transients and consequences
of potential accidents in NPP Krško. In the field of safety analyses of nuclear power plants the
research activities are oriented to the mathematical modelling of nuclear power plant systems
and components
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEASURE FOR MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
Urban heat islands (UHI) represent increase of temperature inside of cities in
regard to their rural environment. Causes of their formation are diverse and
multiple: reduced amount of vegetation and waterproofing of surfaces, changed
radiation and thermal characteristics of materials, urban geometry. Consequences
are also diverse and significant: increasing consumption of energy for cooling,
negative impact on human health, deterioration of air quality. Conventional
methods for mitigating their impact include reflective and green roofs and
introduction of green and water surfaces in cities. Different renewable energy
technologies can also have positive impact on urban heat islands, but at the same
time they contribute to greater energy independency of cities what is goal of future
urban development. Proposed and described technologies are solar cooling, groundair
heat exchanger, passive cooling, solar pond
Electricity Market and Energy Policies Uncertainties for Investment in Life Time Operation of Nuclear Power Plants
In the electricity sector, market participants must make decisions about capacity choice in a
situation of radical uncertainty about future market conditions. Electricity sector is characterized by
non-storability and periodic and stochastic demand fluctuations. Capacity determination is a
decision for the long term, whereas production is adjusted in the short run. Today decisions
pertaining to investment in new capacity or life time extension are surrounded by considerable
uncertainties about the future economics of the projects. One reason is that in a deregulated market
private investors typically have to bear a greater portion of the investment risk compared to a
monopoly utility in a regulated market. This favours flexible investment alternatives with short-lead
times and low capital requirements. Moreover, energy and climate policy – with feed-in tariffs for
RES or green certificate system and the EU CO2 ETS may add to investment uncertainties. From
the economic point of view, the costs of LTO are usually lower than the construction of any other
source of electricity. But in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident, policies towards nuclear
energy in some countries were changed. Because of that economic life decisions are plant specific.
In evaluating the future economic prospects of existing plant, the owners/utility focus on the unique
circumstances of that plant and its cost and performance, and the future demand for electricity, and
value of electricity. Nevertheless, quantification of the LTO costs is not an easy task. It is
recognized that LTO costs are highly dependent on specific conditions related to each NPP, such as:
design of the plant; NPP operating history including ageing conditions; regulatory requirements;
full or partial replacement of components; refurbishment for LTO; accounting methodologies; etc.
The risks that may have an impact on the economic case for the long term operation of NPP should
be identified with pre mitigation impact and probability assessment
ANALYSIS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROCOGENERATION DEVICES IN THE HOUSEHOLDS AND SERVICE SECTOR
Present-day fuel cells for combined heat and power (CHP), even when fuelled
with natural gas, are a promising technology in residential and commercial sectors
because of their efficiency and carbon benefits. Using micro-cogeneration devices in
fuel cell technologies could play a significant role in reducing harmful emissions
into the environment in the building sector at a national level. This paper presents
different technological solutions for fuel cells in the building sector, and reviews
their applications and their technical characteristics. These characteristics are the
basis for their comparison with competitive low-carbon technologies. In addition, a
common benchmark for comparison of different technologies through appropriate
methodology is described, considering how these devices work when they are
connected to an electric power system, while using real data of comparable devices.
This paper presents evidence and methods required for comparison of fuel
cells with conventional systems for production of heat and electricity, as well as for
competing with low-carbon technologies. A common way to compare fuel cell
directly to heat pumps is developed, primarily through calculation of the equivalent
coefficient of energy efficiency. The intensity of carbon emissions from electricity
production is calculated using replacement methods, and a logical extension for
calculating the intensity of carbon emissions from production of thermal energy for
comparison to heat pumps is proposed